linux 环境搭建教程 at 邪恶天使

May 04

linux 环境搭建教程

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一、系统约定
软件源代码包存放位置：/usr/local/src
源码包编译安装位置(prefix)：/usr/local/software_name
脚本以及维护程序存放位置：/usr/local/sbin
MySQL 数据库位置：/var/lib/mysql（可按情况设置）
Apache 网站根目录：/var/www/wwwroot（可按情况设置）
Apache 虚拟主机日志根目录：/var/logs/httpd/（可按情况设置）
Apache 运行账户:apache:apache
二、系统环境部署及调整
1. 检查系统是否正常
# more /var/log/messages（检查有无系统级错误信息）
# dmesg（检查硬件设备是否有错误信息）
# ifconfig（检查网卡设置是否正确）
# ping [url=http://www.edong.com]www.edong.com[/url]（检查网络是否正常）
2. 关闭不需要的服务
# ntsysv
以下仅列出需要启动的服务，未列出的服务一律推荐关闭：
atd
crond
irqbalance
microcode_ctl
network
sendmail
sshd
syslog
3. 重新启动系统
# init 6
4. 配置 vim
# vi /root/.bashrc
在 alias mv=’mv -i’ 下面添加一行：alias vi=’vim’ 保存退出。
# echo ‘syntax on’ > /root/.vimrc
5. 使用 yum 程序安装所需开发包（以下为标准的 RPM 包名称）
# yum install ntp vim-enhanced gcc gcc-c++ gcc-g77 flex bison autoconf automake bzip2-devel ncurses-devel libjpeg-devel libpng-devel libtiff-devel freetype-devel pam-devel kernel
6. 定时校正服务器时钟，定时与中国国家授时中心授时服务器同步
# crontab -e
加入一行：
*/30 * * * * ntpdate 210.72.145.44
7. 源码编译安装所需包 (Source)
(1) GD2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf gd-2.0.34.tar.gz
# cd gd-2.0.34
# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/gd2
# make
# make install
(2) LibXML2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf libxml2-2.6.30.tar.bz2
# cd libxml2-2.6.30
# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/libxml2
# make
# make install
(3) LibMcrypt
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.bz2
# cd libmcrypt-2.5.8
# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/libmcrypt
# make
# make install
(4) Apache日志截断程序
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf cronolog-1.7.0-beta.tar.gz
# cd cronolog-1.7.0-beta
# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/cronolog
# make
# make install
8. 升级OpenSSL和OpenSSH
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf openssl-0.9.8e.tar.gz
# cd openssl-0.9.8e
# ./config –prefix=/usr/local/openssl
# make
# make test
# make install
# cd ..
# tar xzvf openssh-4.7p1.tar.gz
# cd openssh-4.7p1
# ./configure \
“–prefix=/usr” \
“–with-pam” \
“–with-zlib” \
“–sysconfdir=/etc/ssh” \
“–with-ssl-dir=/usr/local/openssl” \
“–with-md5-passwords”
# make
# make install
（1）禁用 SSH V1 协议
找到：
#Protocol 2,1
改为：
Protocol 2
（2）禁止root直接登录
此处先建立一个普通系统用户：
# useradd username
# passwd username
找到：
#PermitRootLogin yes
改为：
PermitRootLogin no
（3）禁用服务器端GSSAPI
找到以下两行，并将它们注释：
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes
（4）禁用 DNS 名称解析
找到：
#UseDNS yes
改为：
UseDNS no
（5）禁用客户端 GSSAPI
# vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config
找到：
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
将这行注释掉。
最后，确认修改正确后重新启动 SSH 服务
# service sshd restart
# ssh -v
确认 OpenSSH 以及 OpenSSL 版本正确。
三、编译安装L.A.M.P环境
1. 下载软件
# cd /usr/local/src
httpd-2.2.6.tar.bz2
mysql-5.0.45-linux-i686-glibc23.tar.gz
php-5.2.4.tar.bz2
ZendOptimizer-3.3.0-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz
2. 安装MySQL
# tar xzvf mysql-5.0.45-linux-i686-glibc23.tar.gz
# mv mysql-5.0.45-linux-i686-glibc23 /usr/local/
# ln -s /usr/local/ mysql-5.0.45-linux-i686-glibc23 /usr/local/mysql
# useradd mysql
# chown -R mysql:root /usr/local/mysql/
# cd /usr/local/mysql
# ./scripts/mysql_install_db –user=mysql
# cp ./support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
# chown root:root /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
# chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
# chkconfig –add mysqld
# chkconfig –level 3 5 mysqld on
# cp ./support-files/my-huge.cnf /etc/my.cnf
# mv /usr/local/mysql/data /var/lib/mysql
# chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql/
# vi /etc/my.cnf
修改以下内容：
(1) 在 [mysql] 段增加一行：
default-character-set = gbk | latin1 | utf8 | big5
(2) 在 [mysqld] 段增加或修改：
datadir = /var/lib/mysql
–skip-innodb
default-character-set = gbk | latin1 | utf8 | big5
–wait-timeout = 3 | 5 | 10
max_connections = 256 | 384 | 512
max_connect_errors = 10000000
thread_concurrency = CPU个数×2
将 log-bin 注释
# bin/mysqladmin -u root password ‘password_for_root’
3. 编译安装Apache
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf httpd-2.2.6.tar.bz2
# cd httpd-2.2.6
# ./configure \
“–prefix=/usr/local/apache2″ \
“–with-included-apr” \
“–enable-so” \
“–enable-deflate=shared” \
“–enable-expires=shared” \
“–enable-rewrite=shared” \
“–enable-static-support” \
“–disable-userdir”
# make
# make install
# echo ‘/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start ‘ >> /etc/rc.local
让apache支持.htaccess文件
加载模块
httpd.conf:
#LoadModule rewrite_module libexec/apache2/mod_rewrite.so
启动rewirite
RewriteEngine on
支持.htaccess
AllowOverride All
4. 编译安装PHP
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf php-5.2.4.tar.bz2
# cd php-5.2.4
# ./configure \
“–prefix=/usr/local/php” \
“–with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs” \
“–with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc” \
“–with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql” \
“–with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2″ \
“–with-gd=/usr/local/gd2″ \
“–with-jpeg-dir” \
–with-curl
“–with-png-dir” \
“–with-bz2″ \
“–with-freetype-dir” \
“–with-iconv-dir” \
“–with-zlib-dir ” \
“–with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl” \
“–with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt” \
“–enable-soap” \
“–enable-gd-native-ttf” \
“–enable-ftp” \
“–enable-mbstring” \
“–enable-exif” \
“–disable-ipv6″ \
“–disable-cgi” \
“–disable-cli”
# make
# make install
# mkdir /usr/local/php/etc
# cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini

pdo_mysql 安装
pecl install pdo_mysql

5. 安装Zend Optimizer
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf ZendOptimizer-3.3.0-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz
# ./ZendOptimizer-3.3.0-linux-glibc21-i386/install.sh
安装Zend Optimizer过程的最后不要选择重启Apache。
6. 整合Apache与PHP
# vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
找到：
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
在该行下面添加
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
找到：
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html
</IfModule>
将该行改为
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.php
</IfModule>找到：
#Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-info.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
去掉前面的“#”号，取消注释。
注意：以上 4 个扩展配置文件中的设置请按照相关原则进行合理配置！
修改完成后保存退出。
# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart
7. 查看确认L.A.M.P环境信息、提升 PHP 安全性
在网站根目录放置 phpinfo.php 脚本，检查phpinfo中的各项信息是否正确。
确认 PHP 能够正常工作后，在 php.ini 中进行设置提升 PHP 安全性。
# vi /etc/php.ini
找到：
disable_functions =
设置为：
phpinfo,passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsockopen,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server
四、服务器安全性设置
1. 设置系统防火墙
# vi /usr/local/sbin/fw.sh
将以下脚本命令粘贴到 fw.sh 文件中。
#!/bin/bash
———————————————————————————————-
# Stop iptables service first
service iptables stop

# Load FTP Kernel modules
/sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp
/sbin/modprobe ip_nat_ftp

# Inital chains default policy
/sbin/iptables -F -t filter
/sbin/iptables -P INPUT DROP
/sbin/iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT

# Enable Native Network Transfer
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

# Accept Established Connections
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -m state –state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# ICMP Control
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m limit –limit 1/s –limit-burst 10 -j ACCEPT

# WWW Service
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –dport 80 -j ACCEPT

# FTP Service
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –dport 21 -j ACCEPT

# SSH Service
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp –dport 22 -j ACCEPT
—————————————————————————————-

# chmod 755 /usr/local/sbin/fw.sh
# echo ‘/usr/local/sbin/fw.sh’ >> /etc/rc.local
# /usr/local/sbin/fw.sh

ProFTPD1.3.1安装于配置
软件包下载：
# fetch ftp://ftp.proftpd.org/distrib/source/proftpd-1.3.1.tar.bz2
# fetch http://www.hayasoft.com/haya/linux/proftpd-nlst-patch/proftpd-1.3.1rc3-nlst-f……lst-ffftp.patch

# tar xvfj ftp://ftp.proftpd.org/distrib/source/proftpd-1.3.1.tar.bz2

# cd proftpd-1.3.1/modules/ ; pwd
# patch < ../../proftpd-1.3.1rc3-nlst-ffftp.patch

# cd ../ ; pwd
# ./configure –prefix=/usr/local/proftpd \
–disable-auth-pam \
–with-modules=mod_quotatab:mod_quotatab_file
# make
# make install

# /usr/local/proftpd/sbin/proftpd -l | grep quota
mod_quotatab.c
mod_quotatab_file.c

# cp -p ./contrib/ftpquota /usr/local/bin/.
# cp -p ./contrib/ftpasswd /usr/local/bin/.

# cd /usr/local/proftpd/etc/ ; pwd

# ftpquota –create-table –type=limit
# ftpquota –create-table –type=tally

▼conf编辑
# vi /usr/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.conf
添加如下配额限制参数
==============================
QuotaEngine on
QuotaLimitTable file:/usr/local/proftpd/etc/ftpquota.limittab
QuotaTallyTable file:/usr/local/proftpd/etc/ftpquota.tallytab
==============================

▼quota设置1G配额
#ftpquota –show-records –type limit
ftpquota: (empty table)

# ftpquota –add-record –type limit –name hoge –bytes-upload 1048576000 –quota-type user
#ftpquota –show-records –type limit

超出资源报错：
notice: user hoge: aborting transfer: Disc quota exceeded

配额变更
# ftpquota –update-record –type limit –name hoge -Bu 209715200 –quota-type user
配合删除
# ftpquota –delete-record –name hoge –type limit –quota-type user

服务启动：
/usr/local/proftp/sbin/proftpd 会提示nogroup的错误，下面创建用户和租

先建立FTPGRP组：
groupadd –g 1000 –r ftpgrp
建立FTPUSER用户：
adduser –u 1000 –g 1000 –d /wwwroot –s /bin/bash –r ftpuser (我准备让所有ftp目录在/wwwroot，个人根据自己的配置)
mkdie /wwwroot

chown ftpuser:ftpgrp /wwwroot

然后
[root@edong wwwroot]# vi /usr/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.conf

修改
先建立FTPGRP组：
groupadd –g 1000 –r ftpgrp
建立FTPUSER用户：
adduser –u 1000 –g 1000 –d /var/www/html –s /bin/bash –r ftpuser (我准备让所有ftp目录在/var/www/html，个人根据自己的配置)
mkdie -p /var/www/html

chown ftpuser:ftpgrp /var/www/html

然后
[root@edong /var/www/html]# vi /usr/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.conf

修改
User ftpuser
Group ftpgrp

然后启动即可。创建其他用户
adduser -u 1001 -g 1000 -d /var/www/html/404/ -s /bin/bash -r frsky
password frsky

ftpquota -type=limit -table-path=/usr/local/etc/ftpquota.limittab -add-record -quota-type=user -name=frsky -units=Gb -bytes-upload=50

查看配额信息
[root@9uk etc]# quota
[root@edong etc]# ftpquota –show-records –type limit
——————————————-
Name: hoge
Quota Type: User
Per Session: False
Limit Type: Hard
Uploaded bytes: 10485760000.00
Downloaded bytes: unlimited
Transferred bytes: unlimited
Uploaded files: unlimited
Downloaded files: unlimited
Transferred files: unlimited
——————————————-
Name: frsky
Quota Type: User
Per Session: False
Limit Type: Hard
Uploaded bytes: 53687091200.00
Downloaded bytes: unlimited
Transferred bytes: unlimited
Uploaded files: unlimited
Downloaded files: unlimited
Transferred files: unlimited